Trans-SAP Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy

The ultra-minimally invasive trans-SAP approach provides a targeted corridor for accessing foraminal and lateral recess pathology, as well as cranial disc extrusions, particularly when facet anatomy or pathology limits a direct trajectory beneath the superior articular process. ^1,2

^References

^{1. Lee S, Kim SK, Lee SH, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for migrated disc herniation: classification of disc migration and surgical approaches.}^{Eur Spine J}^{. 2007;16(3):431-437. doi:10.1007/s00586-006-0219-4}

^{2. Lewandrowski KU, Telfeian AE, Hellinger S, et al. Difficulties, challenges, and the learning curve of avoiding complications in lumbar endoscopic spine surgery.}^{Int J Spine Surg}^{. 2021;15(suppl 3):S21-S37. doi:10.14444/8161}

^References

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